Difference between revisions of "Reflection conditions"
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== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
| − | The reflection conditions describe the conditions of | + | The reflection conditions describe the conditions of occurrence of a reflection (structure factor not systematically zero). There are two types of systematic reflection conditions for diffraction of crystals by radiation: |
(1) ''General conditions''. They apply to all Wyckoff positions of a space group, ''i.e.'' they are always obeyed, irrespective of which Wyckoff positions are occupied by atoms in a particular crystal structure. They are due to one of three effects: | (1) ''General conditions''. They apply to all Wyckoff positions of a space group, ''i.e.'' they are always obeyed, irrespective of which Wyckoff positions are occupied by atoms in a particular crystal structure. They are due to one of three effects: | ||
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*''Glide planes''. | *''Glide planes''. | ||
| − | The resulting conditions apply only to | + | The resulting conditions apply only to two-dimensional sets of reflections, ''i.e.'' to reciprocal-lattice nets containing the origin (such as ''hk''0, ''h''0''l'', 0''kl'', ''hhl''). For this reason, |
they are called ''[[zonal reflection conditions]]''. For instance, for a glide plane parallel to (001): | they are called ''[[zonal reflection conditions]]''. For instance, for a glide plane parallel to (001): | ||
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The zonal reflection conditions are listed in Table 2.2.13.2 of ''International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A''. | The zonal reflection conditions are listed in Table 2.2.13.2 of ''International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A''. | ||
*''Screw axes''. | *''Screw axes''. | ||
| − | The resulting conditions apply only to | + | The resulting conditions apply only to one-dimensional sets of reflections, ''i.e.'' reciprocal-lattice rows containing the origin (such as ''h''00, 0''k''0, 00''l''). They are called ''[[serial reflection conditions]]''. For instance, for a screw axis parallel to [001], the reflection conditions are: |
<table border cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 align=center> | <table border cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 align=center> | ||
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Section 2.2.13 of ''International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A'' | Section 2.2.13 of ''International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A'' | ||
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[[Category:X-rays]]<br> | [[Category:X-rays]]<br> | ||
Revision as of 10:59, 8 February 2012
Conditions de réflexion (Fr). Condizioni di diffrazione (It).
Definition
The reflection conditions describe the conditions of occurrence of a reflection (structure factor not systematically zero). There are two types of systematic reflection conditions for diffraction of crystals by radiation:
(1) General conditions. They apply to all Wyckoff positions of a space group, i.e. they are always obeyed, irrespective of which Wyckoff positions are occupied by atoms in a particular crystal structure. They are due to one of three effects:
- Centred cells.
The resulting conditions apply to the whole three-dimensional set of reflections hkl. Accordingly, they are called integral reflection conditions. They are given in Table 1.
- Glide planes.
The resulting conditions apply only to two-dimensional sets of reflections, i.e. to reciprocal-lattice nets containing the origin (such as hk0, h0l, 0kl, hhl). For this reason, they are called zonal reflection conditions. For instance, for a glide plane parallel to (001):
| type of reflection | reflection condition | glide vector | glide plane |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0kl | k = 2 n | b/2 | b |
| l = 2 n | c/2 | c | |
| k + l = 2 n | b/2 + c/2 | n | |
| k + l = 4 n k, l = 2n | b/4 ± c/4 | d |
The zonal reflection conditions are listed in Table 2.2.13.2 of International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A.
- Screw axes.
The resulting conditions apply only to one-dimensional sets of reflections, i.e. reciprocal-lattice rows containing the origin (such as h00, 0k0, 00l). They are called serial reflection conditions. For instance, for a screw axis parallel to [001], the reflection conditions are:
| type of reflection | reflection condition | screw vector | screw axis |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00l | l = 2 n | c/2 | 21; 42 |
| l = 4 n | c/4 | 41; 43 | |
| 000l | l = 2 n | c/2 | 63 |
| l = 3 n | c/3 | 41; 31; 32; 62; 64 | |
| l = 6 n | c/6 | 61;65 |
The serial reflection conditions are listed in Table 2.2.13.2 of International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A.
(2) Special conditions (‘extra’ conditions). They apply only to special Wyckoff positions and occur always in addition to the general conditions of the space group.
See also
Section 2.2.13 of International Tables of Crystallography, Volume A